ESCHOOL

English Grammar in Tables

1. Tenses Overview

Tense	Usage	Example Sentence
Present Simple	General truths, habits	I walk to school every day.
Present Continuous	Actions happening now	I am walking to school right now.
Past Simple	Completed actions in the past	I walked to school yesterday.
Past Continuous	Ongoing action in the past	I was walking to school when it rained.
Present Perfect	Actions with relevance to present	I have walked to school several times.
Future Simple	Actions that will happen in the future	I will walk to school tomorrow.
Future Continuous	Ongoing future actions	I will be walking to school at 8 am tomorrow.

2. Parts of Speech

Part of Speech	Definition	Examples
Noun	Names a person, place, or thing	teacher, city, happiness
Verb	Shows action or state	run, is, think
Adjective	Describes a noun	happy, blue, fast
Adverb	Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb	quickly, very, well
Pronoun	Replaces a noun	he, she, it
Preposition	Shows relationship in space or time	in, on, before
Conjunction	Connects clauses or sentences	and, but, because
Interjection	Expresses emotion	wow, oh, ouch

3. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
small	smaller	smallest
big	bigger	biggest
good	better	best
happy	happier	happiest
interesting	more interesting	most interesting

4. Conditional Sentences

Type	Structure	Use	Example
Zero Conditional	If + Present Simple, Present Simple	Facts or general truths	If you heat water, it boils.
First Conditional	If + Present Simple, will + Base Verb	Real possibilities in the future	If it rains, we will stay home.
Second Conditional	If + Past Simple, would + Base Verb	Unreal or hypothetical situations in the present or future	If I had a car, I would drive to work.
Third Conditional	If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle	Unreal situations in the past	If she had studied, she would have passed.
Mixed Conditional	If + Past Perfect, would + Base Verb	Unreal past influencing present	If I had won the lottery, I would be rich now.

Key Points:

• Zero Conditional: Used for general truths or scientific facts.
• First Conditional: Refers to possible situations in the future that are likely or possible.
• Second Conditional: Describes hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or future.
• Third Conditional: Used to discuss hypothetical situations that didn’t happen in the past.
• Mixed Conditional: Combines unreal past situations with hypothetical present consequences.

5. Passive Voice

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	She writes a letter.	A letter is written by her.
Present Continuous	She is writing a letter.	A letter is being written by her.
Past Simple	She wrote a letter.	A letter was written by her.
Past Continuous	She was writing a letter.	A letter was being written by her.
Present Perfect	She has written a letter.	A letter has been written by her.
Past Perfect	She had written a letter.	A letter had been written by her.
Future Simple	She will write a letter.	A letter will be written by her.
Future Continuous	She will be writing a letter.	— (Rarely used in passive)
Future Perfect	She will have written a letter.	A letter will have been written by her.
Modals	She can write a letter.	A letter can be written by her.

Key Points:

• In passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The «be» verb is used according to the tense, followed by the past participle of the main verb.
• Passive voice is often used when the doer of the action is unknown, unimportant, or implied.

6. Rules of Articles (A, An, The)

Rule	Explanation	Example
Indefinite Articles (a, an)	Used for singular, countable nouns when introducing them for the first time	She has a dog. / He is an artist.
Use «a» before consonant sounds	Used when the word following starts with a consonant sound	a university, a car, a house
Use «an» before vowel sounds	Used when the word following starts with a vowel sound	an apple, an hour, an honest person
Definite Article (the)	Used to refer to specific nouns that are already known to the listener	The car we bought is red.
Unique Nouns	Used before unique things or something specific/one of a kind	The sun, the moon, the president
Geographical Names	Used with certain places (rivers, seas, mountains)	The Nile, the Himalayas, the Atlantic Ocean
No Article	Used with general statements, plural nouns, or uncountable nouns	She likes cats. / I drink water every day.

Key Points:

• «A» and «An» are indefinite articles, used for non-specific or newly mentioned items.
• «The» is a definite article, used for specific items that the listener/reader is already aware of.
• No article is needed for general statements, plural nouns, and uncountable nouns unless they are specific.